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horses also provide psychological benefits to people whether they actually ride or not. "Equine-assisted" or "equine-facilitated" psychotherapy is a form of experiential psychotherapy that uses
horses as companion animals to assist people with psychological problems, including anxiety disorders, psychotic disorders, mood disorders, behavioral difficulties, mental illness and those who are going through major life changes. Equine Assisted Learning (EAL) (also known as equine guided education or equine assisted professional development) is field of experiential learning for corporate, professional and personal development. There are also experimental programs using
horses in prison settings. Exposure to
horses appears to improve the behavior of inmates in a prison setting and help reduce recidivism when they leave. For centuries
horses have been one of the most economically important domesticated animals, especially relied upon for farmwork and for transportation. Their importance declined following the introduction of mechanization. The history of the
horse is prominent in religion, mythology, art, transportation, agriculture, and warfare. The
horse (Equus caballus) is a large odd-toed ungulate mammal, one of ten living species of the family Equidae. Stallion: a non-castrated male
horse four years old and older. Some people, particularly in the UK, refer to a stallion as a "
horse." A Ridgling or "Rig" is a stallion which has an undescended testicle. If both testicles are not descended, the
horse may appear to be a gelding, but will still behave like a stallion. Yearling: a
horse of either sex that is between one and two years old. People of all ages with physical and mental disabilities obtain beneficial results from association with
horses. Therapeutic riding is used to mentally and physically stimulate disabled persons and help them improve their lives through improved balance and coordination, increased self-confidence and a greater feeling of freedome and independence. The benefits of equestrian activity for people with disabilities has also been recognized with the addition of equestrian events to the Paralympic Games and recognition of para-equestrian events by the FEI. Hippotherapy and therapeutic
horseback riding are names for different physical, occupational, and speech therapy treatment strategies that utilize equine movement. In hippotherapy, a therapist uses the
horse's movement to provide improve their patient's cognitive, coordination, balance and fine motor skills, whereas therapeutic
horseback riding uses specific riding skills. Foal: a
horse of either sex less than one year old. A nursing foal is sometimes called a suckling and a foal that has been weaned is called a weanling. Most domesticated foals are weaned at 4-6 months of age.
People of all ages with physical and mental disabilities obtain beneficial results from association with
horses. Therapeutic riding is used to mentally and physically stimulate disabled persons and help them improve their lives through improved balance and coordination, increased self-confidence and a greater feeling of freedome and independence. The benefits of equestrian activity for people with disabilities has also been recognized with the addition of equestrian events to the Paralympic Games and recognition of para-equestrian events by the FEI. Hippotherapy and therapeutic
horseback riding are names for different physical, occupational, and speech therapy treatment strategies that utilize equine movement. In hippotherapy, a therapist uses the
horse's movement to provide improve their patient's cognitive, coordination, balance and fine motor skills, whereas therapeutic
horseback riding uses specific riding skills.
The following terminology is used to describe
horses of various ages: Modern
horses are often used to re-enact their historical work purpose. One famous example is the Budweiser Clydesdales. This team of draft
horses pulls a beer wagon in a manner similar to that used prior to the invention of the modern motorized truck.
horses are used, complete with equipment that is authentic or a meticulously recreated replica, in various historical reenactments of specific periods of history, and especially famous battles.
horses also are used to preserve cultural traditions and for ceremonial purposes. Countries such as the United Kingdom still use
horse-drawn carriages to convey royalty and VIPs to and from certain culturally significant events.
horses are frequently used in television and motion pictures to add authenticity to historical dramas as well as adding charm to films set in modern-day, or even futuristic science fiction settings. The
horse frequently appears in coats of arms in heraldry. The
horse can be represented as standing, trotting, courant (running) or salient (rearing). The
horse may be saddled and bridled, harnessed, or without any harness whatsoever. The
horse features in the 12-year cycle of animals which appear in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar. According to Chinese folklore, each animal is associated with certain personality traits, and those born in the year of the
horse are intelligent, independent and free-spirited. Regardless of a
horse's actual birthdate, for most competition purposes,
horses are considered a year older on January 1 of each year in the northern hemisphere and August 1 in the southern hemisphere. The exception is endurance riding, where the minimum age to compete is based on the
horse's actual calendar age. A very rough estimate of a
horse's age can be made from looking at its teeth. All
horses move naturally with four basic gaits: the four-beat walk, the two-beat trot or jog, and the leaping gaits known as the canter or lope (a three-beat gait), and the gallop. Besides these basic gaits, some
horses perform a two-beat pace, instead of the trot. In addition, there are several four-beat "ambling" gaits that are approximately the speed of a trot or pace, though smoother to ride. These include the lateral slow gait, rack, running walk, and tölt as well as the diagonal fox trot. Ambling gaits are often genetic traits in specific breeds, often referred to as gaited
horses. In most cases, gaited
horses replace the standard trot, a 2-beat gait, with one of the four beat gaits.
During Roman times the Gauls and other Europeans used
horses of the heavy, northern type for pulling loads and other work. In the Middle Ages huge draft animals, over 16 hands (64 in./160 cm) high, were bred to carry armored knights as well as their own armor. As cavalry warfare declined, such medieval inventions as the
horseshoe and the rigid
horse-collar (see harness) made draft
horses more useful for work. By the 19th cent. the draft
horse had replaced the ox in N Europe and North America. Draft breeds common in the United States were the Belgian, the Clydesdale, the Percheron; and the Shire, also the most common draft
horse in England.